1 Samuel 21:4

Authorized King James Version

And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וַיַּ֨עַן
answered
properly, to eye or (generally) to heed, i.e., pay attention; by implication, to respond; by extension to begin to speak; specifically to sing, shout,
#2
הַכֹּהֵ֤ן
And the priest
literally one officiating, a priest; also (by courtesy) an acting priest (although a layman)
#3
אֶת
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#4
דָּוִד֙
David
david, the youngest son of jesse
#5
וַיֹּ֔אמֶר
and said
to say (used with great latitude)
#6
אֵֽין
a nonentity; generally used as a negative particle
#7
לֶ֤חֶם
bread
food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
#8
חֹ֖ל
There is no common
properly, exposed; hence, profane
#9
אֶל
near, with or among; often in general, to
#10
תַּ֣חַת
the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc
#11
יָדִ֑י
under mine hand
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
#12
כִּֽי
(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
#13
אִם
used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not
#14
לֶ֤חֶם
bread
food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
#15
קֹ֙דֶשׁ֙
hallowed
a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
#16
יֵ֔שׁ
but there is
there is or are (or any other form of the verb to be, as may suit the connection)
#17
אִם
used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not
#18
נִשְׁמְר֥וּ
have kept
properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e., guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc
#19
הַנְּעָרִ֖ים
if the young men
(concretely) a boy (as active), from the age of infancy to adolescence; by implication, a servant; also (by interch. of sex), a girl (of similar latit
#20
אַ֥ךְ
themselves at least
a particle of affirmation, surely; hence (by limitation) only
#21
מֵֽאִשָּֽׁה׃
from women
a woman

Analysis

Within the broader context of 1 Samuel, this passage highlights salvation through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of divine revelation connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine revelation, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of 1 Samuel.

Historical Context

This passage must be understood within the political and social structures of the biblical period. The author writes to address believers seeking to understand God's will and purposes, making the emphasis on salvation particularly relevant. Historical documents from this period show cultural practices and social structures that would have been familiar to the original readers, illuminating the verse's original impact.

Questions for Reflection

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